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探討在神經退化性疾病中調控核醣核酸結合蛋白MBNL2表現之機轉

為了解決seizure醫學中文的問題，作者王李馨 這樣論述：

中文摘要 iAbstract iiContents iiiIntroduction 1Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) 1Cerebral involvement of adult-onset DM1 2Genetic basis of DM1 4Molecular mechanism in DM1 4Mouse models of DM1 with expression of CUG repeats 6RNA-binding protein: Muscleblind-like (MBNL) family

8MBNL1 and MBNL2 knockout mice 9Calcium-dependent cysteine protease: Calpain 11Calpain-1 and -2 11Calpain-1 and -2 deficient mice 12Calpain-1 and -2 in neurodegeneration 13Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 14Disease stages of AD 14Clinical presentations of AD 15Brain atrophy of AD

15Two pathological hallmarks of AD 16The aims of the study 20Materials and methods 211. Animals 212. Primary hippocampal neuron culture, drug treatment, virus infection and transfection 213. Cell culture and transient transfection 234. Total protein extraction and sub

cellular fractionation 245. Immunoprecipitation (IP) 256. Immunoblotting analysis 257. RNA preparation, RT-PCR and splicing analysis 268. Immunofluorescence staining and immunohistochemistry 279. Quantification of fluorescent images of brain sections 2910. Quantif

ication of fluorescent images of neurons 3011. Antibodies 3012. Plasmids 3113. Statistical analysis 31Results 331. Characterize the role of MBNL2 in neuronal maturation1.1. MBNL2 is expressed postnatally and increased as neuronal maturation 331.2. MBNL2 expression

is required for promoting adult pattern of RNA processingand neuronal differentiation 342. Determine how neurodegenerative conditions reduce MBNL2 expression2.1. Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity reduces MBNL2 protein expression viaNMDAR activation 352.2. NMDAR-mediated Calpain-2 acti

vation causes MBNL2 protein degradation 362.3. Calcium-dependent nuclear translocation of CAPN2 is associated with reducedMBNL2 expression 382.4. Dysregulated calcium homeostasis reduces MBNL2 expression 392.5. Enhanced nuclear translocation of CAPN2 occurs in the EpA960/CamKII-Cre

brain 402.6. Enhanced nuclear translocation of CAPN2 in neurodegeneration recapitulates thefetal developmental pattern 413. Explore the possibility of the reduced MBNL2 expression associated re-induced fetalpattern of RNA processing as a common feature among neurodegenerative disorders3.

1. Enhanced nuclear translocation of CAPN2, reduced MBNL2 expression and associated aberrant MBNL2-regulated alternative splicing in the degenerative brains of AD 41Discussion 44Perspective 48References 49List of figuresFigure 1. MBNL2 is expressed postnatally and increased with bra

in maturation 64Figure 2. MBNL2 is expressed in the more differentiated cells during hippocampusmaturation 65Figure 3. MBNL2 is expressed ubiquitously in the adult mouse brain 66Figure 4. MBNL2 is expressed in the neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes 67Figure 5. The knockdown

efficiency of MBNL2 shRNAs in cultured neurons 68Figure 6. The alternative splicing and polyadenylation of MBNL2 targets show a fetal to adult transition during neuronal differentiation 70Figure 7. MBNL2 depletion disrupts the developmental RNA processing transition in cultured neurons

71Figure 8. MBNL2 depletion impairs dendrite maturation in cultured neurons 72Figure 9. Glutamate treatment induces excitotoxicity in mature cultured neurons showing condensed nucleus 74Figure 10. Glutamate-induced excitotoxicity reduces MBNL2 protein level in mature cultured neurons 75

Figure 11. Glutamate reduces MBNL2 level via NMDAR activation in cultured neurons 77Figure 12. NMDAR-mediated MBNL2 reduction is calcium dependent 78Figure 13. The alternative splicing and polyadenylation of MBNL2 targets are disrupted in neurons treated with glutamate or NMDA 79Figure 14.

MBNL2 mRNA level is unchanged in cultured neurons treated with glutamate or NMDA 81Figure 15. MBNL2 protein is stable in the neurons 82Figure 16. NMDAR signaling-mediated MBNL2 reduction requires calpain activity incultured neurons 83Figure 17. Protein expression of CAPN1 and CAPN2 are alte

red in NMDA-treatedneurons 84Figure 18. MBNL2 binds to both CAPN1 and CAPN22 in HEK293 cells 85Figure 19. Knockdown efficiency of CAPN1 or CAPN2 shRNAs in neurons 86Figure 20. NMDAR-mediated calpain-2 activation causes MBNL2 degradation inneurons 87Figure 21. Depletion of CAPN2 preserves

MBNL2-regulated alternative splicing andpolyadenylation in neurons upon NMDA treatment 88Figure 22. CAPN2 is predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of mature neurons 90Figure 23. NMDA treatment induces the nuclear translocation of CAPN2 in neurons 91Figure 24. NMDAR-mediated MBNL2 reduct

ion requires calpain-2 expression in thenucleus and cytoplasm of neurons 92Figure 25. NMDA-induced nuclear translocation of CAPN2 requires calcium 93Figure 26. Nuclear translocation of CAPN2 involves in MBNL2 degradation 94Figure 27. Dysregulated calcium homeostasis induces the nuclear tran

slocation of CAPN2 and reduced MBNL2 expression in neurons 95Figure 28. CAPN2 depletion preserves MBNL2 expression in the neurons with dysregulated calcium homeostasis 96Figure 29. Effect of CAPN2 depletion on the RNA processing pattern of MBNL2 targets in A23187-treated neurons 97Figure 30

. CAPN2 nuclear translocation is occurred in the EpA960/CaMKII-Cre mouse brains 98Figure 31. Nuclear-to-cytoplasmic distribution of CAPN2 during neuronal differentiation 99Figure 32. Nuclear translocation of CAPN2 occurs in the APP/PS1 and THY-Tau22brains 100Figure 33. Reduced MBNL2 express

ion in the APP/PS1 and THY-Tau22 brains 101Figure 34. Aberrant MBNL2-regulated alternative splicing in the APP/PS1 and THY-Tau22 brains 102

解析下視丘投射至海馬回突觸中共同傳遞麩胺酸及-氨基丁酸的功能意義

為了解決seizure醫學中文的問題，作者伊木夏 這樣論述：

中文摘要海馬回為負責認知及情緒功能的關鍵腦區。齒狀回為海馬回次核區中的第一個訊號處理器其會接受來自大腦皮質及皮質下核區傳來的訊號。其中，大腦皮質至海馬回路徑會在記憶獲得及提取時傳遞記憶相關的訊息；然而，來自皮質下的訊號參與了調控皮質及海馬回間的訊息溝通。下視丘乳頭上核藉由共同釋放兩種截然不同的快速神經傳遞物質，也就是麩胺酸及-氨基丁酸，來實質上的支配齒狀回活性，因而能協助空間定位及空間記憶的形成。然而乳頭上核中神經元是藉由何種突觸機制來調控齒狀回活性及其突觸可塑性尚未被釐清。齒狀回由興奮性的顆粒細胞及抑制性的中間神經元所組成。在這本論文中，我用光遺傳學、電生理及藥理學的方法，證明來自乳頭上

核的訊號會透過不同的突觸機制差異性地調控齒狀回中不同種細胞的活性。選擇性活化乳頭上核會在所有的突觸後神經元產生突觸興奮及突觸抑制作用，然而這兩種作用的比例是會依突觸後細胞種類的不同而改變的。具體來說，樹突抑制型中間神經元主要接收突觸興奮作用，然而體抑制型中間神經元及顆粒細胞則主要接收突觸抑制訊號。雖然單獨活化乳頭上核並不足以興奮顆粒細胞，但是在有興奮性驅動力的情況下，活化乳頭上核可使顆粒細胞產生動作電位的時間更精準並縮短其產生動作電位所需的時間。此外，在有皮質訊號輸入時活化乳頭上核會增加顆粒細胞動作電位的產生，進而促使皮質到顆粒細胞突觸間的長期增強作用。總結來說，這些發現顯示了乳頭上核共同傳遞

的麩胺酸及-氨基丁酸對於維持齒狀回中興奮/抑制的動態平衡是有貢獻的，並且能透過提升皮質到顆粒細胞突觸間的長期增強作用來幫助記憶的編碼。